Oil Spill in The Gulf of Mexico

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10 Different Ethical Principles

1. Decision-making is not an easy subject never, it is a very difficult responsibility that requires a lot of courage, self-confidence and justice, so we have to be careful in making decisions.

2. Golden mean in media ethics (text, page. 7-9)

According to the great philosopher Aristotle, that the moral behavior is to stay moderate between the parties and stay neutral away from personal emotions. We have to do same thing as a professionals in spreading news and work in any media profession.

3. Utilitarian theory (text, page. 10-12)

It is a powerful theory and it means that no one is more valuable than any one. Everyone has quantity and quality being equal.

4. Pluralistic Theory of value (text, page. 12-13)

Ross thought there are defended behind the actions of people. He created a list called duties.

Duties of Fidelity

Duties of Reparation

Duties of Gratitude

Duties of Justice

Duties of Beneficence

Duties of Self-Improvement

Duties of not injuring others

5. Truth (text, page. 21-25)

Truth must be the first ethical principle in all companies or news agencies because it is always easier and better way to reach the top or avoid crises. should always make true statement and caution when making promises as well as immediately recognize when something wrong happened occurs so as not to shake the public's confidence. Telling the truth is not only an issue of moral it is also an issue of right appreciation of real situation and of serious reflection to them.

 

6. Ethical news values (text, page. 35-36)

Journalists should remain the ethical values in their minds when they covering any news or stories as well as all employees should use these values not only the journalists. The ethical values: Accuracy –Confirmation-Tenacity-Dignity-Reciprocity-Sufficiency-Equity-Community-Diversity.

7. TARES test (text, page. 56-59)

It is a set of questions to the ethical principles of the publicity and advertising and public relations professionals. Each letter has meaning and asking about different ethical question.

T: Is the claim truthful?

A: Is the claim authentic?

R: Does the advertisement treat the receiver with respect?

E: Is there equity between the advertiser/public relations specialist and the consumer?

S: Is the advertisement socially responsible?

Through these questions, we can assess the Advertising and sentencing it.

8. Potter Box (text, page. 86-88)

This is the optimal way to make decisions when we face moral dilemmas.

1. Understand the facts.

2. Outlining values.

3. Application of the principles.

4. Articulation of loyalties.

9. Privacy (text, page. 111-118)

Privacy is one of the human rights that cannot debate it. PR workers and journalists must take that into account when publish any private details for any person and must distinguish what the public has a right to know, needs to know and wants to know?

10.  Social responsibility theory (text, page. 161-162)

One of the main responsibilities of the press in front of the community is represent the events and news clearly and truthful and frank without cheating and manipulation.

Discussion leader

Three Muslim students dead in North Carolina by shooting 

At a time when traditional media tend to caution, the digital media and social networking 

sites tend to be the opposite.

In the Chapel Hill near the University of North Carolina raised the killing of three Muslim students a wave of anger on social networking sites, prompting some to launch a number of Hashtags in English and Arabic, to express their disapproval of ignore the Western media for this incident. Muslim Americans and all Muslims have anger because no one is interested in this crime only after that has been circulating on Twitter, as well as of the slow response the Western media and the silence of politicians.  Even British newspaper was wondered whether the Western media will cover the murder of three Muslim-Americans in 

North Carolina students if Twitter did not exist?

These three who were killed, were one of the best people and everyone attests to their success and their love to do good. This video shows Barakat's sister talked about them.

Local media said that Craig Hicks turned himself into police after shooting victims.

Police assumed the preliminary investigation and it indicates that the killer named Craig Hicks killed three students shot to death after they entered in a dispute over a parking place. Police are still investigating the motive behind the crime. Victim's family says it was a hate crime and they were targeted because of their religion. However, what makes us believe that was a hate crime too, those comments that have been posted on his page in the social networking site (Facebook). In fact, yes, it's a hate crime, but the media did not recognize it due of bias against Muslims. I cannot believe that  the cause of killing three Muslims is just 

for parking dispute. It's kind of nonsense.  

 Countries, government, media and people need to recognize that acts of terrorism are not 

confined to one religion or one race. I strongly would like from the media to pay more attention, and more coverage of such this topic. 

As we see in this case, there is an ethical issue in the drafting of the news and reporting and the bias is very clear. One of the most important ethical issues in reporting and strategic communications is to be neutral not biased. The use of neutrality in the press requires a lot of training and guidance with a thorough understanding of the meaning of neutrality and how to apply it. 

To be unbiased, it means you don't have former ideas whether was pro or against any particular point, but to be fair and balanced. Objectivity and fairness are great concepts, but cannot be easily achieved.

Questions:

Should be reconsidered in the carrying of weapons in the United States Code?

How many people should be killed until the government understands what is happening?

Do you think that the cause of crime is the dispute over parking? Or is it a hate crime or kind of terrorism?

Can media be fair and impartial in reporting?

Blog 5

Part 1

Chapter 9: New Media

Case 9 - G

Looking for Truth Behind the Walmart Blogs. 

Micro Issues

1/ Should Edelman have acknowledged that problem on its website before the fortune magazine reporter broke the story? Should it have responded afterward?

Edelman should not get risk in involved in such these ethical issues, but since that happened, I think that they must acknowledge before the Fortune magazine reporter broke the story. In both cases, whether reveals the truth before or after the fortune magazine, the most important thing that they made a mistake by involved in such these acts, especially when the company motto is honesty, integrity and transparency.

Midrange Issues

1/ In the "marketplace of ideas" is there any place for this type of "stealth" public relations?

I think that Walmart's public relations did not intervene in "the marketplace of ideas" but, directly or indirectly they have had interaction from the public in this case. It was supposed to take into account the moral standard and is committed to doing. Also, the media should be used in a fair and honest ethical way which is the first principle to write or broadcast any message through the media, especially from a public relations firm like them. In addition, they should not interfere in the "marketplace of ideas" and should maintain it strong.

Macro Issues

2/Critics called for the great transparency in the blog. Edelman claims to use "transparency to build credibility and trust" what does transparency means in public relations? It is different from transparency in journalism? Was Edelman transparent in its dealing on these two web sites?

Transparency and honesty, trust and truth are the most important ethical principles in the profession of journalism and public relations. From my point of view, it is inevitable and it is not a subject for debate. Transparency and truth are the essential ethical axes issue for any profession and not just public relations or journalism. I think that the truth and transparency associated with each other just tell the truth and be honest and clear. People are demanding transparency because deception practices and tricks on consumers has become, unfortunately, a very common thing.

Part 2

This brief memo illustrates the importance of new media and social media such as Twitter or Facebook or any other social net work with a statement of some of the points in ethical principles that must be followed.

Using social media add a lot to any company in the digital and technology age like communicate with advertisers and consumers as well as the internal and external audiences. Also, new media provided a way for our employees to interact with the outside world to reflect the good image of the company.

Social networking sites are one of the best ways to promote the brand in lowest cost if used in the right way. In line with this digital age everyone used social media as one of the most important media now. In contrast, using social media requires us to be responsible about everything and comply with the Code of Conduct and ethical issues.

The following I will introduce some of the most important ethics for using social media but it remains the primary focus of the application of these laws is a personal restraint. For example:

"# Respect the intellectual property of others," such as the development of the source of the information, image and others in the context of use and documented so.

# Not steal or copy the work of others or creative programs, plans and other such as business.

 # Telling the truth is always the best way and up us to the summit, because credibility is the basis of the whole thing. Loss of confidence is possible to make you loss everything. Everyone here is representing themselves or the company which work on. So, we must be more careful to the public interest. In short, everything that you published is way to express yourself and your personality.

 # The existence of privacy between all these social networking sites is more like the impossible. There is a need to promote awareness about privacy matters to protect personal information. Violation of the privacy of others is very bad, either by publication of photographs or news or private information about any person without obtaining consent. Stand at the borders of the other, shows how you respect them.

Blog 4

Chapter 3 Case 3 –E 

Micro issues

1/ Should those who developed the Brita campaign have investigated whether the filters could be 

recycled before they went public with the effort?

I think it should be investigated with who developed the campaign. And to ensure that filters are 

recyclable to emphasize the importance of the issue at the global level. We must raise awareness to preserve the environment to enjoy a better life. I do not think that there is something worthy of ridicule in this matter only because the product advertised is not "green"

2/ Should news journalists investigate campaigns of this sort and write about what they found?

As we all know, that is the work of journalists. They are looking very much to write any scoop regardless of public interest with the knowledge that this case serves the public interest and protect the planet in the long term and serve us as human beings to develop environment. But what they found was really interesting as the New York Times newspaper noticed that the company belonging to the parents of Brita not use the same way and that means it's not an effective way in recycling. Certainly is good news, but affects the public interest. Of course, we do not forget the physical benefit sought by all the Newspapers and the Media and this is what makes them have to step up campaigning and news such this news.

Midrange issues

Evaluate Brita’s campaign using the expanded  ( TARES ) test.

T/ for truth

 Are the Ad claims truthful?

I believe the answer is, no they are not truthful and the reason is that the product totally goes resistant to the corporations Eco-friendly advertising campaign.

A/ for authentic

 Is the claim authentic?

The claim is not true and that means it isn't real because consequently it isn't accurate.

R/ for respect

Does the ad treat the receiver with respect?

I'm not sure about the answer of this question, sometimes I think that the answer is yes and sometimes no. If the answer no, the reason is that wrong when the consumers don't know the truth about Brita filters are not recyclable. But if it yes because there are some facts that confirm that the Americans do not recycled. Also there is respect at the presentation of information to help to goes to the green.

E/ for equity

Is there equity between the sender and the receiver?

Yes, there is equity because there is sell and earn money on one hand and receipt of the commodity on the other hand and the equity is the justice and honesty.

S / for socially

Is the ad socially acceptable?

From my point of view, the advertising is very good and socially acceptable and it is declaration has a vibrant.

Macro Issues

. 2/ Does the concepts of transparency apply to corporate social responsibility? If so how? If it not why not?

 No I do not think so, because the concept of transparency does not apply to corporate social responsibility. Only there must be trust and sincerity to succeed any field of work.

Part 2  

  

When discussing the subject of Bill Cosby, I did not have any idea about the topic at all, but after explaining some of the details I learned some aspects of the case. In most cases always am confronted the lack of truth and are usually the focal point for resolving the issue. So, I always insisted on make it the first principle of the ethics. 

Blog 3

Part 1

Chapter 5: Privacy: Looking for Solitude in the Global Village

Page 121

Case 5-D

Anderson Cooper's Not-So Private Life

Micro Issues

1/  Is Cooper's sexual orientation news? Should it be news?

We are by nature as human beings love very interference in personal matters and we want to know everything, whether this news benefit us or not. Besides we always strive to buy newspapers and magazines where there are news scandals or defamation. Became the obsession of all people is to know personal details of others and people became enjoying of gossip. Even that most of people check the social media like Twitter or Facebook just to have a Private life and personality of someone or anyone and they just want to find a story or an issue to talk about, so, this is what encourages the media to show and discuss private things people. I cannot approval or objection to Cooper's sexual inclinations and I have no right to do so neither I nor anyone else, especially if this case happened in a country which supports freedom in all respects. I really want to salute the Cooper's courage, but all this gossip got because of their sexual orientation and the statement made by Cooper, and it means that the media and America still have a problem with homosexuality and still considered this situation kind of deviation. In this case we need to privacy and according to what I read the privacy is not a luxury or even a gift of a benevolent government. it is a necessary component of a democracy.  Despite all that, the personal life or sexual orientation of anyone is not a subject to debate at all because it kind of sorts of privacy. Actuality, excites me curiosity about this question, is there any importance to know the sexual orientation of any person? Is there a need to take this kind of news all this space of interest?

Midrange Issues

2/ Journalists often work for organizations that require them to have a "Facebook presence" what sort of information should be on such a professional Facebook page?

In my point of view, I think that the journalist can put the general information and what the public already know. I believe that is no need to mention any private details could harm the institution. Journalist is not free to act as he pleases like what many people think for two reasons, the first one is that Journalist belong to institution keen on its image and position in society on the one hand and social responsibility of the press on the other hand as a socially active, he has roles in the community requires him to act in a responsible manner.

3/ Reconcile the concepts of transparency and privacy, as you understand them.

Transparency is a magic word if you do what you say, it means in language that the transparent thing that does not obscure what behind. But in general, transparency is the honesty and truthfulness in our lives means value and not a slogan to strengthen the trust between you and the others. In contrast, privacy is basic human rights, which sparked widespread controversy on the historical range. I had read definition of privacy, which is really expressive, and that is the region of the individual's life that people enjoy violated whenever they get the chance. So, I think that privacy is something very important for transparency. The concept of transparency is useless without privacy, and accountability and transparency can be meaningful only if it is encapsulated within the framework of privacy.

Chapter 8: picture this: the ethics of photo and video journalism

Case 8 – B

What do I do first?

Micro Issues

2/ this incident had a happy ending. Do you think Herbert's response should have changed if the two women (they were sisters) had died, either at the scene or later? How might the photographs have changed?

Yes, I think will happen to a radical change in the photos or even on the psyche of the photographer if he could not save the situation that happened front of his eyes. When I read the text I felt a sense of the photographer and the extent of his joy when the two sisters were rescued from death. It became a beautiful day instead of a tragic day as what the photographer said.

Midrange Issues

3/ Evaluate the composition and aesthetics of this photograph. Does it constitute a "good" photograph in terms of craft?

According to what I read about aesthetics and ethics in chapter 8, the editors often said that necessary to consider the good, the true and the beautiful at the same time as looking at the photograph. This picture is really expressive picture combines the good and the true at one time. It is worth to mentioning that there is an influential story behind this picture.  

Macro Issues

1/ should the AP reward Herbert for his actions?  

There is a close relationship between incentives and rewards in the work and its impact on the performance of the workers so that it helps the employees to give their best. In addition, motive is something internal stems from the same individual and raises the desire to do something specific. Depending on that, I think there was a motivation from Herbert to do the right thing. The institution should give the Herbert a reward or honor him in any way to become a model for others in the provision of humanitarian work on his job as a photographer so he even forgot his job for a while and did not pick up any photograph only after ensuring the safety of the two sisters.

 

About the attacks and satirical magazine in Paris.

First of all, must be emphasized that nothing can justify the killing of 12 people, but this does not conflict with the reminder that to offend any religious doctrine or messenger or religious symbol, is completely unacceptable, because it is result to hurt feelings of millions of Muslims. This is not repression of freedom of opinion, freedom of opinion  means to stop at the borders of the others. However, respond wisely and mind or ignoring is the best way to answer in such this situations.

Blog 2

Chapter 4 - Loyalty Between Competing Allegiances

Case 4-D 

Where Everyone Knows your name: Reporting and Relationship in a Small Market.

Micro Issues

 1/ Jessica Luce is a general assignment reporter at the Yakima Herald-Republic and if she was working in this job, surely she is responsible to tell her editors about her relationship with Phil Schenck who's a Police Sergeant. In the beginning Luce said (we had fun, but if I had been asked what was going on I would have said we were friends). In my opinion, if their relationship continued as friends, there was no need to tell anyone, but after that they knew that they were definitely dating specifically in New Year Day. As you know, she should not hide their relationship since they start dating. Luce had kept the relationship a secret for a long time and that is a result to be exposed to this position with anyone.

 2/ As what I read in this case that the Herald-Republic has their own code ethics to advise staff to avoid conflicts of interest. Yakima Herald-Republic has all right to do what it see appropriate or necessary to them in this case and what is related with the code of ethics. 

3/ Certainly change the whole issue if Schenck work in any other job, such as being a teacher. In all cases, you must follow the ethical rules of the profession and not violate codes of conduct. It also should not skip the border in any relationship and confused between work and personal life so as not to conflict of interest, whether is on a practical or personal level.

 4/ There will be a significant difference in the ethical questions when Luce and Schenck being just a friends without develop their relationship more, but Knowing that in this case their relationship is not advisable from the ground up and that why Luce had kept their relationship a secret.

                              

Midrange Issues

1/ I think everyone should not enter personal life at work, especially if the job is sensitive like a journalist. All persons living in the community, the protection of private life is a matter of relative necessarily and all people have rights to keep their lives private, but if they know that it will be a cause for conflicts of interest, they should take another other measures to avoid the situation or corrected. We all knew that we must maintain our own lives unless a conflict of interest occurs or our work or in codes of conduct.

2/ From my point of view, the public perception of an ethical problem is truly relevant. We are in the 22nd century and it is very natural that the public realizes the ethical problems and not just in the media area, but in everything too.

3/ Of course, dating in general are allowed in any field, but in this particular case it is possible if there was truth and honesty from the beginning, but I do not think at all that dating in this case is advisable, because it is one of the biggest taboos in Journalism as what I read.

Macro Issues

1/ I do not expect from all who's around Luce to understand the sensitivity of the situation that happened and it is possible to remain removed or remote. Therefore, she will not be able to do her job effectively and successfully.

2/ It is the responsibility of journalists to avoid conflicts of interest, whether actual or theoretical interests. They should stay away from all harm that could damage to credibility and independence of the press.